Our Value Proposition S M R Nuclear Reactors, SMR

· Global Nuclear experience dating back to 1948 (75 years).

· Safari nuclear reactor running since 1965 in South Africa.

· Large nuclear power station of 1930 MW in South Africa; and associated facilities for over 40 years.

· RSA has well established nuclear science, medical technology, and industrial radiography.

· World’s first country to start developing a commercial SMRs of Generation IV (Gas-Cooled) Type.

· Developed a unique pebble fuel, which has been internationally assessed and is considered an international benchmark.

SMR GLOBAL ENERGY PTY LTD provide turn-key services, which includes:

· engineering design

· procurement

· project management

· modular manufacturing

· construction management

· quality assurance and 

· quality control

· information management

· operating and maintenance training

· nuclear safety training

· process technology development and establishment

· nuclear waste disposal

· nuclear waste repository development

SMR GLOBAL ENERGY PTY LTD relies on Global Information produced by respected International Nuclear Associations and Nuclear Operating Groupings such as the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), World Association of Nuclear Operators (WANO), World Nuclear Association (WNA). 

Directors of SMR GLOBAL ENERGY PTY LTD have contracted to global organisations such as the Rosatom (Russia), NECSA (South Africa), Eskom Koeberg Nuclear Power Station (South Africa) and ANDRA (France). 

Their analyses of global nuclear trends are followed and reflect the following SMR future developments.

The potential clients/customers during the five-year implementation of this plan for SMR power generation turn-key construction contracting services are composed of ten potential industrial groups:

It seems reasonable, based on strong fundamentals, that the above Sectors have the strength to be credible Buyers in the Electrical Power, Heating or Desalination Business.

The current international Nuclear Power Deployment is as follows:

Global status of nuclear deployment as of January 2022:

Operating reactors, building new reactors: Dark Blue

Operating reactors, planning new build: Light Blue

No reactors, building new reactors: Dark Green

No reactors, planning new build: Light Green

Operating reactors, stable: Yellow                 Operating reactors, considering phase-out: Red

Civil nuclear power is illegal: Black              

No reactors & or Illegal: Grey

SMR GLOBAL ENERGY PTY LTD will focus on major electricity producers or consumers, considering the Global Nuclear Readiness in the next 10 years, as can be deduced from the World Map (identified green circles), as follows:

The current nuclear energy situation in Australia may soon change, because of “green energy” requirements and reducing coal produced electricity, in the near future. 

The SMR GLOBAL ENERGY PTY LTD Australian Head Office will focus on Global Marketing and Sales, focusing primarily in Countries of the Asian Pacific Rim/Basin. 

The Pacific region has rightly acquired a reputation for dynamic economic growth and for tackling development issues with the necessary vigour and imagination. However, here as elsewhere, the welcome growth is being increasingly accompanied by concern that development should also be sustainable.

The following Countries will be focused on in the short-term:

· Australia

· Indonesia

· New Zealand

· Philippines

· Etc.

As for South Africa, the country is currently characterised by commercial stagnancy, policy paralysis, and for the moment, a continuing downward economic drift. But it seems reasonable that the previously listed Sectors have strength to be credible future buyers of SMR’s. 

The uncertainty lies in how long the country's economic recovery will take and with what twists and turns in the political and economic structure will offer tremendous opportunities for the company in developing desperately needed, power projects to satisfy the growing demand and current government owned power utility (Eskom’s) absence to deliver a reliable and cost-effective power system.

The South African SMR Global Energy Office will therefore focus on SMR Solutions for the African Continent. 

The current Nuclear Readiness for Africa, is seen as above:

The short-term focus for the South African Office will therefore be on the following countries:

· Egypt

· Ghana

· Kenya

· Madagascar

· Morocco

· Mauritius

· Namibia

· Nigeria

· Rwanda

· South Africa

· Sudan

· Uganda

· Zambia

The current Nuclear Readiness for Africa, as seen above:

The short-term focus for the South African Office will therefore be on the following countries:

· Egypt

· Ghana

· Kenya

· Madagascar

· Morocco

· Mauritius

· Namibia

· Nigeria

· Rwanda

· South Africa

· Sudan

· Uganda

· Zambia

Turn-Key Contractors in the historic nuclear power business, range from major global Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEMs), such as Framatome (France), Rosatom (Russia), General Electric/Hitachi (USA/Japan), Kepco (South Korea), etc. 

The focus of SMR GLOBAL ENERGY PTY LTD is developing:

· a unique SMR design (HTMR-100), 

· unique nuclear fuel manufacturing, 

· modular manufacturing activities, 

· purchasing contracts for specific equipment, 

· on-site construction, 

· project management

· nuclear safety training

· operator and simulator training, 

· specialised maintenance activities of the power generation, turbo-generator and electrical production plants

· outage management

· modification

· Optimisation

· nuclear waste management and repository facilitation

SMR Global Energy will work with local in country engineering and construction firms in the client host country which will be empowered to provide normal local general engineering services, purchase local off-the-shelf equipment which includes civil and structural construction.

Furthermore maintenance, operating and safety training will be provided by third party service providers.  

SMR GLOBAL ENERGY PTY LTD will be able to reduce costs and increase profits through:

· Subsequent HTMR-100 units after the SMR FOAK development and having a fully established marketing offices with HQ in Sydney Australia, regional offices in South Africa and France currently with new offices in other countries to be announced shortly.

· Established specialist third-party manufacturing capabilities for components and modular units

· Repeat orders of HTMR-100 units from a specific client.

· Increased skill levels in host countries.

· Multiple units for consecutive and simultaneous construction.

To understand the status of Nuclear Power Station construction globally, the following:

Graph of Nuclear Power Station Units under Construction in May 2021:

With regards to the operation of SMR’s, there are currently two in-service SMR’s on a Barge in a Russian Port of 35 MWe each, operational since 2020:

China announced in December 2021, the commissioning of the Huaneng Group Co.’s 200MW unit 1 reactor at Shidao Bay. This is the first of two units of China’s much-watched high-temperature gas-cooled modular pebble bed (HTR-PM) demonstration project. This achievement marks a major milestone for fourth-generation advanced nuclear technology. The SMR is nearly one-fifth the size of China’s first homegrown nuclear reactor design, Hualong One.

The critical issue for SMR manufacturing is to sustainably establish a long-term production capability to train and retain available highly experienced and motivated nuclear capable engineers.

There is strong interest in small and simpler units for generating electricity from nuclear power, and for process heat.

This interest in small and medium nuclear power reactors is driven both by a desire to reduce the impact of capital costs and to provide power away from large grid systems.

The technologies involved are numerous and truly diverse.

As nuclear power generation has become established since the 1950s, the size of reactor units has grown from 60 MWe to more than 1600 MWe, with corresponding economies of scale in operation. At the same time there have been many hundreds of smaller power reactors built for naval use (up to 190 MW thermal) and as neutron sources, yielding enormous expertise in the engineering of small power units and accumulating over 12,000 reactor years of experience.

The IAEA defines 'small' as under 300 MWe, and up to about 700 MWe as 'medium' – including many operational units from the 20th century. Together they have been referred to by the IAEA as small and medium reactors (SMRs). However, 'SMR' is used more commonly as an acronym for 'small modular reactor', designed for serial construction and collectively to comprise a large nuclear power plant. (In this information page the use of diverse prefabricated modules to expedite the construction of a single large reactor is not relevant.) A subcategory of very small reactors – vSMRs – is proposed for units under about 15 MWe, especially for remote communities.

Small modular reactors (SMRs) are defined as nuclear reactors 300 MWe equivalent or less, designed with modular technology using module factory fabrication, pursuing economies of series production and short construction times. This definition, from the World Nuclear Association, is closely based on those from the IAEA. Some of the already-operating small reactors mentioned or tabulated below do not fit this definition, but most of those described do fit it. 

This information page focuses on advanced designs in the small category, i.e. those now being built for the first time or still on the drawing board, and some larger ones which are outside the mainstream categories dealt with as Advanced Nuclear Power Reactors. Some of the designs described here are not yet actually taking shape, others are operating or under construction. Four main options are being pursued: 

• light water reactors, 
• fast neutron reactors, 
• graphite-moderated high temperature reactors and 
• various kinds of molten salt reactors (MSRs). 
• The first has the lowest technological risk, but the second (FNR) can be smaller, simpler and with longer operation before refueling.

Today, due partly to the high capital cost of large power reactors generating electricity via the steam cycle and partly to the need to service small electricity grids under about 4 GWe, there is a move to develop smaller units. These may be built independently or as modules in a larger complex, with capacity added incrementally as required. Economies of scale are envisaged due to the numbers produced. There are also moves to develop independent small units for remote sites. Small units are seen as a much more manageable investment than big ones whose cost often rivals the capitalization of the utilities concerned.

An additional reason for interest in SMRs is that they can more readily slot into brownfield sites in place of decommissioned coal-fired plants, the units of which are seldom very large – more than 90% are under 500 MWe, and some are under 50 MWe.

SMR development is proceeding in Western countries with a lot of private investment, including small companies. The involvement of these new investors indicates a profound shift taking place from government-led and -funded nuclear R&D to that led by the private sector and people with strong entrepreneurial goals, often linked to a social purpose. That purpose is often deployment of affordable clean energy, without carbon dioxide emissions.

Small reactors could significantly mitigate the financial risk associated with full‐scale plants, potentially allowing small reactors to compete effectively with other energy sources. 

Modern small reactors for power generation, and especially SMRs, are expected to have greater simplicity of design, economy of series production largely in factories, short construction times, and reduced siting costs. Most are also designed for a high level of passive or inherent safety in the event of malfunction. Also, many are designed to be emplaced below ground level, giving a high resistance to terrorist threats. Many safety provisions necessary, or at least prudent, in large reactors are not necessary in the small design’s forthcoming. This is largely due to their higher surface area to volume (and core heat) ratio compared with large units. It means that a lot of the engineering for safety including heat removal in large reactors is not needed in the small reactors. Since small reactors are envisaged as replacing fossil fuel plants in many situations, the emergency planning zone required is designed to be no more than about 300 m radius. The combined tables from this report are appended, along with notes of some early small water-, gas-, and liquid metal-cooled reactors.

Licensing is potentially a challenge for SMRs, as design certification, construction and operation license costs are not necessarily less than for large reactors. Several developers have engaged with the Canadian Nuclear Safety Commission's (CNSC's) pre-licensing vendor design review process, which identifies fundamental barriers to licensing an innovative design in Canada and assures that a resolution path exists.

A World Nuclear Association 2015 report on SMR standardization of licensing and harmonization of regulatory requirements said that the enormous potential of SMRs rests on a number of factors:

· Because of their small size and modularity, SMRs could almost be completely built in a controlled factory setting and installed module by module, improving the level of construction quality and efficiency.

· Their small size and passive safety features lend them to countries with smaller grids and less experience of nuclear power.

· Size, construction efficiency and passive safety systems (requiring less redundancy) can lead to easier financing compared to that for larger plants.

· Moreover, achieving ‘economies of series production’ for a specific SMR design will reduce costs further.

The World Nuclear Association lists the features of an SMR, including:

· Small power and compact architecture and usually (at least for nuclear steam supply system and associated safety systems) employment of passive concepts. Therefore, there is less reliance on active safety systems and additional pumps, as well as AC power for accident mitigation.

· The compact architecture enables modularity of fabrication (in-factory), which can also facilitate implementation of higher quality standards.

· Lower power leading to reduction of the source term as well as smaller radioactive inventory in a reactor (smaller reactors).

· Potential for sub-grade (underground or underwater) location of the reactor unit providing more protection from natural (e.g. seismic or tsunami according to the location) or man-made (e.g. aircraft impact) hazards.

· The modular design and small size lend itself to having multiple units on the same site.

· Lower requirement for access to cooling water – therefore suitable for remote regions and for specific applications such as mining or desalination.

· Ability to remove reactor module or in-situ decommissioning at the end of the lifetime.

In 2020 the IAEA published an update of its SMR book, “Advances in Small Modular Reactor Technology Developments”, with contributions from developers covering over 70 designs.